Effect Of Insecticides On Honey Bees Biology Essay

Effect Of Insecticides On dear Bees biology EssayIntroductionPollinators be precise important for the production of any nip as they play very important role for pollenation of the flowers and snip offs. Bees be con inclinered one of the major pollinators of the agricultural crops. The study of this issue is very important as well as difficult due to the difficult interaction of bees with their hosts. Many environmental factors atomic number 18 involved in the complexity of this interaction (Schmid, 1975). Honey bees argon good pollinators plainly they are non common for entirely crops (Batra 1995). Most people are interested in love life and wax production by bees solely some lovemaking bees are usanced in orchard pollination, where they take nectar and pollen for the take (Cheung 1973).Honey bees are most vulnerable pollinators of agricultural crops as factory farm estimated the financial value of these profitable pollinators that is approximately 15- 20 dollars billion per class (Johnson 2010). On the other hand, they are very sensitive insects as they are disturbed by the common environmental factor similar pollution. Pesticides are the chemicals that are most widely used to control pests in crop production. When opposite chemicals are use to the crops, they not so lightedary(prenominal) affect the pests of the crops but to a fault harm the beneficial insects as pollinators, predators and parasites etc. This harmful set up disturbs the internal balance between the insects and their intrinsic hosts.The table below shows the addiction of agricultural crops on honey bee pollination. Almond, Alfalfa, Apple, peaches, carrots, sunflower, onion, broccoli and citrus with other field of battle crops are given with their dependence.Estimated value of Honey Bee to US crop production, 2000 estimates(Johnson, 2010) custom of chemicals (Pesticides) in agricultural crops is important to get required production on one side small-arm on other s ide, rubber eraserty of honey bees and other natural enemies from these chemicals are also required. scarce if these chemicals are not used against insect pests of the crops, it will also create problems for producers as they drop not be able to get such production that flush toilet fulfill the food requirements of nation or worldwide.Large number of bee habituation developers is present in The United States that provides bees as pollinators, commercially to diverse crop producers. U.S. Department of Agricultures (USDA) 2007 Census point let on that 2.9 gazillion bee colonies are used for 28,000 operations in the United States. Increasing use of chemicals (insecticides and pesticides) to control the other problems of crop production disturbs honey bees commonwealths either natural or reared commercially. Johnson 2010 gave the map that shows the disorder in honey bees colonies in dissimilar states in 2009.http//beealert.blackfoot.net/Johnson (2010) gave the reasons for col onies collapses in his report by the data collected down the stairs the information provided by USDA.These colony loses in honey bees disturbs Agricultural delivery of the country, so scientists try to explore that chemicals that are little or not harmful for the pollinators and they started performing variant try by using diametrical chemicals to check their efficacy against honey bees activities and pollination. Complete give up of chemicals is not possible as they effect the production of different agricultural crops (Akca et al. 2009), but these chemicals should be use down the stairs certain limits. According to the Pretty 1995, the everyplace usage of these agrochemicals make the soil and environment deteriorated and on the other side genetic diversity of the living organisms is also disturbed. Many scientists focused on all non target insects plot of land some are more particularised towards the pollinators, their behavior and activities against insecticides which a re commonly used for crop pests (Liong et al. 1998 Qadri et al. 1994).Different chemicals and methodologies are carried by different scientists to explain the effectiveness of certain chemicals against honey bee normal functioning. Some of them are given here.Methodologies by Different scientists and their resultsAkca et al. 2009 performed an sample by using 8 chemicals against worker honey bees. They used residual subscribe to method for each chemical. Physical conditions for prove were 25O C and 75% RH and data was collected after 1, 8, 16 and 24 hours. Honey bees of 20 days or less were used in experiments. Three different processs for each chemical were used (recommended, 1/2 and 1/4 of recommended) at similar physical conditions.Above is the table that shows the chemical used, their recommended doses and their groups to which these chemicals belong.Their results revealed that all of the insecticides with all doses are toxic to the honey bees after last terzetto intervals except Azadirechtin. All chemicals are significantly toxic to time and doses while the fatality rate goes on decreasing when dose was reduced. Among all toxic compounds, they put that Sevin XLR was the most fast acting and toxic to the honey bees.Under the sparkling of this experiment, it was reason out that the chemicals that are botanical in nature have less or no toxic to the honey bees. They are organic in nature and environmentally safe. The scientists concluded that it is needed to find out bio-chemicals that does not effect adversely to the bees but have good control of pests.Needham and Stevenson 1973 performed an experiment by using three chemicals, Malathion EC, Azinphos-methyl EC and Endosulfan WP. They performed experiment chthonian natural conditions in field. They sprayed chemicals while bees were foraging on the oil come impair crops and encounter the mortality after 1 and 28 days. They found that mortality was maximum for Malathion and then Azinphos-methyl w hile for Endosulfan it was very low. Table for results of these chemicals is given below.For this result, they concluded that the formulations of the chemicals play important role for their toxicity. For this conclusion, they performed another experiment by victorious two chemicals, Endosulfan and Azinphos-methyl with both formulations. The method of experiment was same as before. But this time, they found that the wetablepowder (WP) formulations were mote toxic than emulsifiable concentrate (EC). The table for results is given asIt is revealed from the results that again Azinphos-methyl was more toxic than Endosulfan no matter what the concentration was. though all chemicals had effect on Acetyl cholinesterase of the brain of honey bees. So they concluded that the choice of chemical is more important than the concentrations of the chemicals.In the same way different experiment with different hypothesis are carried out by different scientists to show the effect of chemicals on the bodily process of honey bees as a pollinator and their role for the crop production. Some of the literature look into is given below about the work on honey bees against different chemical and different methodologies by different scientists.Review of LiteratureAkca et al. (2009) canvass the effect of eight different insecticides on honey bees and check their stabbing toxicity level on hazelnut pests. They used Karate, Deltanete, Sevin, Oncol, Mesurol and Neem of their recommended dose and below (1/2 and 1/4 of recommended dose) against Honeybees. They found that Azadirechtin is most safe and environmental friendly insecticide as compare to all other. They also revealed from their experiment that Sevin is one of the most dangerous insecticides for the honeybee activity. In their experiment they recommend that Azadirechtin should be used to control the Hazelnut pests.Batra (1995) presented a retrospect article about the importance of the honey bees as a pollinator for different crops. He described the situations before and after the application of agricultural practices in a field crop that disturb the population of bees to the hosts.Halm et al. (2005) presented in the altogether Risk Assessment Approach for Systemic Insecticides The Case of Honey Bees and Imidacloprid (Gaucho). This publication explains an approach to estimate the risk of systemic insecticides more precisely. They estimated two levels that were levels of depiction (PEC) and toxicity (PNEC). PECs are determined for different Honey bees categories in order to estimate the amount of contaminated pollen and nectar consumed. PNECs are estimated or calculated for chronic, acute and sublethal toxicities of the test chemical. All of the experiment was done under field conditions. These opinions are used to describe the risks of the systemic insecticides against honey bees.Iwasa et al. (2004) performed an experiment on honey bees by taking different neonicotinoids in topical application in la boratory. They found that nitro-substituted compounds like imadacloprid and dinotefuran were more toxic as compared to Cyano-substituted compounds like acetamaprid and thiacloprid. They also study the effect of some synergists like piperonyl butoxide, triflumizole and propiconazole. They ascertained that these synergists increased the effect of cyano-substituted compounds towards more toxic while nitro-substituted compounds were not touch by these synergists.Kevan (1999) gave the name, bioindicators to the honey bees. According to him, pollinators and pollination is important for all ecosystems curiously farming. They are as sensitive to the changes in environment as they are getting easily harmed by the competitors, diseases, predators and parasites on one side while they are easily defeated by the physical and chemical factors like chemical application and habitat modification. According to Kevan, honeybees are indicators of the atmospheric pollutions as they are functionally disturbed by the abnormalities in the environment.Montana, Department of agriculture (2007) published a report about the role of pesticides and honey bees in the production of agricultural crops. In this report, they described that insecticides application not only control the other pests of the crops but also disturb the honey bee population while on the other hand if insecticides are not applied to control the other pests of the crop, the production by the crops is also disturbed. So in this guideline, they give some general suggestions and ideas for the application of insecticides and chemicals to control the insect pests of the crops.Needham and Stevenson (1973) studied the effect of 3 organophosphates on foraging bees and their pollination ability was testes under the influence of these (Endosulfan WP, Azinphos-methyl EC and Malathion EC) chemicals. According to their results, Endosulfan was safer among all three. According to their observations, they concluded that the other t wo chemicals except Endosulfan, residual of formulations (wetable powder and Emulsifiable concentrate) is also one of the factors that make these chemicals more toxic than Endosulfan.Surviliene et al. (2009) published an article Insvestigation of Pesticides Effect on pollination of Bumblebees in Greenhouse Tomatoes. In this article, they checked the effect of different chemicals on the bumblebee hives with different doses. They concluded that with the ad hoc recommended doses of some specific chemicals did not affect the bee activities and lives while some chemicals badly affect the bees and their activities. As they used triazamat with 1 ml/lit concentration, Azadirachtin with 5ml/lit and propamocarb hydrochloride with 1.5 /ha. They did not notice nay bad effect on bumblebees while tolyfluanid with 1.5 mg/lit had negative effect on bee colonies and activities.Akca, I., C. Tuncer, A. Guler and I. Saruhan. 2009. Residual Toxicity of 8 different insecticides on honey bees ( Aps mel lifera Hymenoptera Apidae). J. Anim. Veter. Adv. 8(3) 436-440.Batra, SWT. 1995. Bees and pollination in our changing environment. Apidologie. 26 361-370.Cheung, S. N. S. 1973. The fable of the bees an economic investigation. J. Law Econ. 1611-33.Halm, M. P., A. Rortais, G. Arnold, J. N. Tasei and S. Rault. 2006. New risk assessment approach for systemic insecticides the case of honey bees and Imidachloprid. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 2448-2454.Iwasa, T., N. Motoyama, J. T. Ambrose and R. M. Roe. 2004. Mechanism for the first derivative toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Crop Protection. 23 371-378.Jhohnson, R. 2010. Honey bee olony Collapse Disorder. Congressional Research Service. pp. 1-20.Kevan, P. G. 1999. Pollinators as bioindicators of the state of environment species, activity and diversity. 74 373-393.Liong, P. C. W. P. Hazah and V. Murugan. 1998. Toxocity of some pesticides towards fresh water fishes. Malaysian Agric. J. 54 (3) 147-156.N eedham, P. H. and J. H. Stevenson. 1973. The toxicity to foraging honey bees, Apis mellifera, of Endosulfan, melathion and Azinophos-methyl applied to flowering oil seed rape, Brassica napus. Ann. Appl. Biol. 75 235-240.Pretty, J. N., 1995. Regenerating agriculture Policies nad Practice for sustainability and self-reliance. Earthscan Publications Limited, London, pp 320. ISBN 0309052483.Qadri, Y. H., A. N. Swamy and J. V. Rao. 1994. Species difference in brain acetylcholinerterasse response to monocrotophos in vitro. Ecotoxicol. Environ. 28 91-98. PMID 7523071.Schmid, R. 1975. Two speed of light years of pollinationbiology an overview. The Biologist. 57 26-35.Surviliene, E., L. Raudonis and J. Jankauskiene. 2009. Investigation of pesticides effect on pollination of bumblebees in greenhouse tomatoes. SODININKYSTE IR DARZININKYSTE. 28(3) 235- 241.USDA, 2007. Census of Agriculture, Table 31, http//www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_US/st99_1_029_03 1.pdf.